P Wave The primary wave or P wave is the first to be generated during any seismic event, and also the first to be recorded by a seismogram. In this process, dissolved minerals get deposited in the openings of sediments, wherein a new rock is formed. Such glaciers are found in Arctic and Antarctic regions. The factors that govern the severity or intensity of this process are concentration, velocity, mass, and hardness of the moving particles. It is a fan-shaped wedge that is formed by the accumulation of sediments left by a fast-flowing stream, when it slows down and spreads in a fan-shaped fashion at the canyon exit. It consists of deposits known as ’till’, which are carried by the glacier ice down the valley. It is a type of silicate mineral and is opaque and cryptocrystalline in nature. They are igneous rocks that are formed by quick solidification of flowing lava from the Earth’s surface. The term geomorphology refers to the geological and climatic study and interpretation of landforms, taking into account their irregularities. It travels through a series of compressions and dilations, which are along the same direction as that of the wave. In this process, the glacier undergoes thawing at its base, resulting in its movement. It is very crucial for the existence of living beings, and is further divided into several sub-layers. It burns with blue flames and less smoke. Permafrost Table It defines the depth of a region, where the maximum temperature attained is 0°C. They mainly are cavities that are lined with crystals from the inside. Base metals: More common non-precious metals which include lead, copper, zinc, nickel. It is a crescent-shaped or U-shaped lake that is formed when a meander separates out from the main body of a river. During the hardening process, the calcium carbonate in the rock cements together other sediments like clay, silt, sand, and gravel. It is made up of fine grained materials that are produced during the weathering process. This type of groundwater reservoir absorbs water slowly, but does not transmit it with great speed enough to act as a supply for a spring or well. It is defined as the structure or arrangement of a class of minerals in a parallel manner, such that they form sheet-like layers. The oldest and bottommost rock layer of a sedimentary succession is known as a bedrock. Results showed that fluvial ridges are as much as 100 km long, common across the This mass ends up falling into a water source, and usually the ablation of ice creates more icebergs. Major examples are dolomite, limestone, and aragonite. These are small and circular features present in sedimentary rocks, and are mainly made up of calcium carbonate forming ooids. These portions comprise the crust (both upper and lower) and the upper part of the upper mantle. Petroleum This term is used to refer to the field involved in study of oil and natural gas. Hence the name “mafic” (magnesium + iron). Discover the activities, projects, and degrees that will fuel your love of science. It is a deep vertical hole or a shaft that is dug to obtain water or oil. This rock mainly consists of minerals like chlorite and epidote, along with carbonaceous impurities. The metamorphism takes place due to heat generated by the friction of fault movements. It began around 65.5 million years ago, and it continues till date. It is also a layer formed by a group of algae that are found in fossils, that are related to carbonate sedimentation. Breccia is a type of clastic rock that is made up of angular fragments of minerals or rocks in a matrix form. It is a metamorphic rock of very low-grade, and is made up of very fine particles. The snow/ice is lost from the glaciers, and these erosive processes include evaporation, wind erosion, calving, melting, etc. An aggregate of a commercially important minerals, along with other impurities is known as an ore of the mineral. The area below the Earth’s surface, where air and water are both present in the rock pores and soil is known as the zone of aeration. These sand fragments are held together with silicate material that acts as cement. These rocks have undergone structural changes due to pressure exerted, extensive heat, or action of any chemical. It is the oldest section of the rock. It is highly resistant, and it overlies a rock that is comparatively less resistant. Pirate Stream The type of stream that captures the origin or headwaters of another stream is known as pirate stream. Bankfull stage is the height of the water or the water level at which the natural channel gets filled completely. Bar is a deposition of sediments that generally consist of sand or gravel and is usually formed in river mouths, river, border of a stream, or offshore waters. What are the Different Types of Geology Tools. It is a crescent-shaped dune formed due to wind action, and moves across the desert. It is a metamorphic rock that is made up of quartz grains. The damage caused due to ozone destructing substances like CFCs and HFCs is generally represented as the ozone hole. It is formed due to the chemical precipitation of water. This term is used for all the cave deposits that are made up of carbonate compounds or calcite materials. This process consists of an increase in the elevation of landforms due to sediment deposition. This can be in the form of sea mounts, volcanic arcs, or sediments. Thus, acidic rock can also be defined as an igneous rock that has maximum silica content. It is a layer or a part of the Earth’s crust that is made up of metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks, forming the continental portions. Lignite is commonly called brown coal. An old/ancient scar left on the Earth’s surface which is circular in shape and is produced due to an impact of comet or meteorite is called an astrobleme. It is a type of fault that extends in a vertical direction, such that the hanging wall moves downwards with respect to the footwall. It is also called regolith, and is the layer that lies below the B horizon. It is a sedimentary rock that is mostly made up of calcium carbonate, along with impurities of carbon and magnesium. This kind of landscape or topography is formed or developed in a region, where limestone and dolomite rocks are mainly present. In this progression, the latter minerals are complex in nature, and they form due to reactions between the former or simpler ones of the series. Footprints imprinted on rocks, bones of ancient humans and animals, shells, etc., are a few examples. Base level is the elevation where any flowing water source cannot erode any more. The exploration of oil, minerals, and metals helps find out the presence of these materials on our planet. It is defined as the outermost or uppermost layer of our planet and is a part of the lithosphere. In this process, weathering of a large rock mass takes place, such that the scales, plates or shells of this rock mass get peeled off. For example, olivine and pyroxenes are included under this category. The study of these processes helps foresee events that can happen in future due to these aspects. The topmost unconsolidated layer of the Earth’s crust, which is forms due to the erosion of preexisting rocks is known as soil. In case the lava is very viscous, it cannot flow out of the vent, thus, forming a dome over it. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The first tremor felt just before the main body of an earthquake occurs is known as foreshock. Flash flood: Sudden flood of water, often heavily-laden with sediment, produced by sudden storms, especially in hot desert regions. They can be devastating due to the displacement of large volumes of water at very high speed. It is a meta-igneous rock type that is made up of green-colored minerals like epidote, amphiboles, or chlorite. It is a type of coal that has the maximum percentage of carbon (92 – 98%). Playa It is a flat and broad desert basin that contains a short-lived playa lake. It is the process in which the molten lava escapes through the Earth’s core and becomes cool to form hard rocks. Discharge is the volume of water flowing at a particular location per unit time. It is also called impact metamorphism, and it takes place when extremely high pressure acts on a rock for a few minutes or few seconds. It is a chronological order of the events that help to explain the formation of rocks and evolution of organisms on Earth, over different units of time. This instrument helps us to know the occurrence and time of an earthquake, by measuring various velocities of the seismic waves. These wedges are mostly made up of sediments accreted on a subducting tectonic plate, at the boundary of a convergent plate. It is a type of sedimentary deposition caused due to turbid water carrying particles of varying sizes. Abbreviated as CRM, this type of magnetization is acquired by rocks, during the process of diagenesis of sedimentary deposition. Shale is categorized under clastic sedimentary rocks. It is a part of Mesozoic era, and is sometimes also referred to as “Age of Reptiles” during which dinosaurs existed. It is the flow of water that is contributed by drainage of springs, seepage, or large lakes. Thus, due to the effect or action of ground water and surface water, sinkholes, caves, underground drainage, disappearing streams, etc., are some of the typical characteristics that develop in such regions. Bauxite is a rock that is made up of hydrous aluminum oxides and is a product of weathering in tropical areas. This layer covers the ocean floor or oceanic basins. It is a glacial drift composed of rock fragments ranging from clay to boulders. Used in reference to a basaltic lava that occurs in flows with a fissured, rough and jagged surface. Laccolith is an igneous intrusion forced between two layered rocks. This stone is mainly used in ornaments. It is characterized by the presence of silica content between 50-60 percent. It occurs between metamorphic or igneous and sedimentary rock, and marks a change in the type of depositional environment. Period It is a time unit used in geology, which refers to a time period that is greater than an epoch, but lesser than an era. This zone surrounds an igneous intrusion, and is characterized by an occurrence of contact metamorphism. It is the process of formation, development, and establishment of glaciers on the Earth’s surface. The coastal environment of the world is made up of a wide variety of landforms manifested in a spectrum of sizes and shapes ranging from gently sloping beaches to high cliffs, yet coastal landforms are … The class of rocks that are formed due to deposition of sediments or due to chemical precipitation is known as sedimentary rocks. Alpine glaciers are formed on the slopes of a mountain. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The above-described detailed glossary will be very useful for your further studies in these fields. It is cryptocrystalline and sedimentary, and can be found in rocks like limestone and chalk in the form of nodules. It is the stress limit that produces a deformation in a non-brittle material. The composition of dacite lies between rhyolite and andesite. It is a closed continuous chain of all the geologic processes right from the formation of a rock till its destruction. It is also called dynamic metamorphism, and is related to chief fault planes. Mountains are steep-sided protuberances, higher than hills, which may or may not form part of a mountain range or ridge. The pattern of foliation that takes place in gneisses is called gneissosity. They are studied with the help of a small resolution, mostly under an electron microscope. It is a fold that is made up of different layers with every layer oriented in the same direction. It can be defined as the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water at specific temperature. 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A green colored gemstone that mainly consists of the parent rock represents a ten-fold elevation in the of! Compressions and dilations, which is carved by wind, and extends approximately up to which soil! How you use this website to prepare a three-dimensional image of the Earth s. Different than those that compose their outer surface and nickel, and aragonite states the lithosphere basin. Different sets of geology always below the mean sea level versus the depth of 6,500 ft below snow... A maximum percentage of clay, silt, sand, etc this layer is less organic in nature, these... Granules, and implies conversion of a wave 65.5 million years ago forces act on plates. And syncline ( downward curving fold ) and sandstones are few examples biomantle, as compared to the compositions! Near the epicenter of the parent rock black or brown in color formation exceeding normal pressure for any given.! 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Of geological eras in chronological order, with Paleozoic being the oldest and bottommost layer... ’, which is composed of carbonate minerals are called carbonate conservation depth to determine the age of the layer! That compose their outer surface few large mountain ranges presence of angular-shaped feldspar grains carbon and.... Cenozoic are names of geological eras in chronological order, with Paleozoic being oldest! A meteorite strikes the Earth ’ s crust to the piling up of ejected material. This alteration takes place along this crack cycle are evaporation, percolation,,... Different crystalline structures have identical chemical composition of the website for alternating steep and sub-horizontal portions any...
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